Tsarin Aiki na Haɗin Kai don Ka'idojin Yarjejeniya da aka Rarraba

Table of Contents

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan takarda tana gabatar da ingantaccen tsari ga daidaitaccen tsarin shaida na aiki (PoW), inda manufar ita ce a nemo wani abu (nonce) wanda ke sa hasashin sirri na shugaban toshe ya cika wata manufa mai wahala (misali, ya fara da adadin sifili). Babban ƙirƙira shine canza PoW daga gasa mai tsanani, inda mai nasara ya ci duka a tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai, zuwa wani aiki na haɗin kai inda masu amfani za su iya haɗa ƙoƙarin lissafi don tabbatar da nasu ma'amaloli kuma su cimma yarjejeniya kan tsarin ma'amaloli.

Babban dalili shine magance rashin inganci da ke cikin PoW na gargajiya da kuma ƙarfafawa mara kyau, kamar babban amfani da makamashi daga hasashin gasa da kuma ƙarfin tara masu hakar ma'adinai. Ta hanyar ba da damar haɗin kai na asali, tsarin yana nufin maye gurbin kudaden ma'amala (da ake biya wa masu hakar ma'adinai) da harajin ma'amala (da mai farawa ma'amala ke biya a matsayin farashin aikin haɗin kai), don haka ya daidaita ƙarfafawa zuwa tattalin arziki da tabbatarwa na gama-gari.

2. Yarjejeniya

2.1. Matsalar Yarjejeniya da aka Rarraba

A cikin hanyar sadarwa ta tsakanin mutane ba tare da wata hukuma ta tsakiya ba, cimma yarjejeniya kan yanayin da aka raba (kamar littafin ma'amaloli) yana da wahala. Babbar matsala ita ce jinkirin yaɗa saƙo. Idan tazarar ma'amaloli ta lissafi ta fi tsawon lokacin yaɗa jita-jita na hanyar sadarwa, takwarorinsu za su iya cimma yarjejeniya ta zahiri ta hanyar lura da "dakatawa" da aka raba a cikin zirga-zirga. Duk da haka, a cikin yanayin ma'amaloli mai yawan mita, wannan hanya mai sauƙi ta kasa.

2.2. Matsayin Shaida na Aiki

Shaida na aiki yana aiki azaman tsarin iyakance mita. Ta hanyar buƙatar mafita ga wata wasa mai tsada ta lissafi, ta ƙarfi (misali, nemo hashe tare da $\text{Hash}(\text{bayanai} || \text{nonce}) < \text{Manufa}$), yana sanya iyaka sama kan yadda kowane takwaransa zai iya gabatar da sabbin tubalan da sauri. Wannan yana rage yawan mita na ma'amala a zahiri zuwa matakin da hanyar sadarwa za ta iya cimma yarjejeniya cikin aminci, kamar yadda aka fara tsara shi a cikin yarjejeniyar Nakamoto na Bitcoin.

3. Shaida na Aiki na Haɗin Kai

3.1. Tsarawa na Tsarin

Takardar ta tsara wani tsari inda wasan shaida na aiki ba ya daure da mai gabatar da toshe ɗaya amma za a iya warware shi tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar masu amfani masu sha'awar wani tsari na ma'amaloli. Yarjejeniya kan tsarin waɗannan ma'amalolin ta fito daga tsarin warwarewa na haɗin kai da kansa, maimakon ya zama abin da mai hakar ma'adinai wanda ya fara samun mafita ya tsara.

3.2. Tsarin Mabuɗi: Daga Kudade zuwa Haraji

Mafi girman sauyin tattalin arziki shine daga kudade zuwa haraji. A cikin PoW na gargajiya, masu amfani suna biyan kuɗi don ƙarfafa masu hakar ma'adinai. A cikin tsarin haɗin kai, masu amfani da ke shiga cikin ma'amala suna biyan "haraji" wanda ke wakiltar rabonsu na farashin lissafi da ake buƙata don shaida na aiki na haɗin kai. Wannan yana canza yanayin daga "biyan kuɗi don sabis" zuwa "raba farashin tabbatarwa," wanda zai iya rage jimillar kashe albarkatu.

4. Fahimta ta Tsakiya & Tsarin Hankali

Fahimta ta Tsakiya: Hazakar takardar tana cikin gane cewa babban ƙimar PoW don yarjejeniya shine sifofinsa na iyakance mita, ba al'amuransa na tsere mai gasa ba. Marubutan sun gano daidai tsere mai gasa a matsayin tushen ɓarna mai yawa (makamashi, gasar makamai na kayan aiki) da kuma tsakiya (tarin masu hakar ma'adinai). Tsalle na hankali su shine tambaya: "Shin za mu iya kiyaye iyakance mita amma mu watsar da gasa?" Tsarin haɗin kai da aka gabatar shine amsar—yana ƙoƙari na gangan don ƙirƙira sassan "masu kyau" na PoW (rarrabuwa, mai jure wa sybil, mai daidaita wahala) yayin da ake cire "mugun" (gasa mai ɓarna) ta hanyar tiyata.

Tsarin hankali ba shi da aibi: 1) Gano matsalar yarjejeniya (jinkirin saƙo). 2) Amince da PoW a matsayin mafita mai iyakance mita. 3) Gano laifin PoW (ƙarfafawa mara haɗin kai). 4) Gabatar da sabon tsarin ƙarfafawa (aikin haɗin kai da haraji ke biya) wanda ya daidaita hankali na mutum ɗaya da lafiyar hanyar sadarwa. Wannan shine tunanin tsarin a mafi kyawunsa.

5. Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai

Ƙarfafawa:

• Daidaita Ƙarfafawa Mai Kyau: Sauya daga kuɗaɗe zuwa haraji ƙirƙira ce mai zurfi ta tattalin arziki. Yana kai hari kai tsaye ga "balaraba na gama-gari" a cikin hakar ma'adinai na PoW, inda ake ƙarfafa masu hakar ma'adinai ɗaya ɗaya su cinye makamashi fiye da yadda ya fi dacewa ga al'umma.
• Yana Rage Tsakiya: Ta hanyar ƙira, yana lalata hankalin tattalin arziki na tarkacen hakar ma'adinai, waɗanda suke wanzu da farko don daidaita bambancin tsere mai gasa. Haɗin kai na asali zai iya haifar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa mafi daidaito da juriya.
• Yuwuwar Ƙarfin Kaya Mai Girma: Rage gasa don ladan toshe zai iya rage wahalar da ake buƙata don tsaro, yana ba da damar ƙarin ma'amaloli a kowane raka'a na lokaci don matakin gaba ɗaya na ƙarfin hashe iri ɗaya.

Kurakurai & Tambayoyi Masu Muhimmanci:

• Matsalar Fara Aiki/Haɗin Kai: Ta yaya masu amfani suke samun juna don haɗin kai? Takardar ta yi watsi da wannan. A aikace, ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi masu inganci, marasa amana don kowane tsari na ma'amaloli ƙalubale ne mai girma na haɗin kai, mai yuwuwar buƙatar nasa tsarin ƙa'ida mai rikitarwa—wanda zai sake gabatar da rikitarwa da kuma ƙarin aiki.
• Tsaro Ƙarƙashin Harin Ƙungiya: Samfurin yana ɗauka ƙungiyoyin haɗin kai suna da kyau. Me zai hana babbar ƙungiya, mai mugunta ta ƙirƙira don biyan kuɗi sau biyu ko kuma takaita ma'amaloli? Binciken tsaro yana jin yashi idan aka kwatanta da cikakken maganin wasan ka'idoji na PoW na gargajiya da aka samu a cikin ayyuka kamar binciken Bitcoin Backbone Protocol.
• Tattara Haraji & Tilastawa: Tilasta "haraji" a cikin yanayin da ba a tsakiya ba, mara suna ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Yana haifar da haɗarin ƙirƙirar tsarin inda waɗanda ba su biya ba za su iya cin amfanin aikin haɗin kai na wasu, matsala ta al'ada ta ƙarfafawa da takardar ke neman warwarewa amma mai yiwuwa ta sake ƙirƙira ba da gangan ba.

6. Fahimta mai Aiki & Hanyoyin Gaba

Ga Masu Bincike: Kada ku ɗauki wannan a matsayin ƙa'idar da aka gama. Ku ɗauke shi a matsayin tsarin ƙira. Babban ra'ayi—raba farashi na haɗin kai don yarjejeniya—yana aiki fiye da PoW na tushen hashe. Bincika haɗa kai tare da Shaida na Hatsari (PoS) ko Shaida na Sarari. Gibin bincike mafi mahimmanci shine ƙaƙƙarfan samfurin wasan ka'idoji na ƙirƙirar ƙungiya da kwanciyar hankali a cikin wannan sabon yanayi. Ku koma ga aikin kan "daidaiton Nash mai kariya daga ƙungiya" don farawa.

Ga Masu Haɓakawa/Kamfanoni: Wannan bai shirya don Babban Hanyar Sadarwa (Mainnet) ba. Duk da haka, ku yi la'akari da shi don hanyoyin sadarwa na sirri ko ƙungiya inda aka san ainihin mahalarta kuma haɗin kai ya fi sauƙi. Alkawarin ceton makamashi ya fi bayyana a nan. Gwada tsarin inda sanannun ƙungiyoyi (misali, abokan hanyar samarwa) suka haɗa kai don tabbatar da ma'amalolinsu da aka raba, suna auna raguwar ƙarin aikin lissafi idan aka kwatanta da tsarin hakar ma'adinai na gasa na gargajiya.

Ga Masana'antu: Wannan takarda labari ne mai mahimmanci na adawa a duniyar bayan haɗuwa (motsin Ethereum zuwa PoS). Tana jayayya cewa matsalar makamashi ta PoW ba ta cikin ra'ayin shaida na aiki ba, amma ga aiwatar da shi. Yayin da binciken ƙa'ida kan amfani da makamashi na crypto ya ƙara tsanantawa, ƙirƙira kamar PoW na haɗin kai sun cancanci sabon kallo a matsayin madadin "PoW mai kore," musamman ga hanyoyin sadarwa inda zato na amana na zahiri na PoS ba a so.

7. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarawa na Lissafi

Takardar tana ba da shawarar tsara PoW na haɗin kai a matsayin matsala ta lissafi ta ɓangarori da yawa. Duk da cewa ba a cika bayyana ba, wasan tsakiya mai yiwuwa ya daidaita manufar hashe ta daidaitacce. Maimakon $\text{Hash}(\text{Toshe}_{\text{mai gabatarwa}} || \text{nonce}) < T$, yana iya haɗawa da haɗin shigarwa daga mahalarta $n$: $\text{Hash}(\text{Tsarin Tx} || \text{nonce}_1 || ... || \text{nonce}_n || \text{ID}_{\text{ƙungiya}}) < T$.

Manufar wahala $T$ ana daidaita ta bisa ga yawan ƙirar toshe na haɗin kai da ake so. "Aikin" ana rarraba shi ta yadda kowane ɗan takara $i$ zai nemo ɓangaren nonce $\text{nonce}_i$, kuma ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar ya cika manufar. Samfurin mai sauƙi na haraji zai iya zama: $\text{Haraji}_i = \frac{C \cdot w_i}{\sum_{j=1}^{n} w_j}$, inda $C$ shine jimillar farashin lissafi na wasan da aka warware, kuma $w_i$ shine aikin da aka bayar da tabbaci da ɗan takara $i$ ya ba da gudummawa. Wannan yana tabbatar da raba farashi daidai da gudummawar.

8. Tsarin Bincike & Misali na Ra'ayi

Tsarin: Wasan Yarjejeniya na Haɗin Kai

1. 'Yan wasa: Tsarin masu amfani $U = \{u_1, u_2, ..., u_k\}$ tare da ma'amaloli da ke jiran aiki.
2. Ayyuka: Kowane ɗan wasa zai iya zaɓar: (a) Yin aiki shi kaɗai (PoW na daidaitacce), (b) Ƙirƙira/shiga ƙungiya $S \subseteq U$, (c) Haɗa kai ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba (idan zai yiwu).
3. Ladan: Ga ƙungiya $S$ wacce ta yi nasara ta ƙirƙiri toshe mai ɗauke da ma'amalolinsu:
   • Amfani: An tabbatar da ma'amaloli (darajar $V_i$ ga mai amfani $i$).
   • Farashi: An biya haraji $\text{Haraji}_i$ bisa ga aikin da aka ba da gudummawa.
   • Ladan net: $V_i - \text{Haraji}_i$.
4. Ra'ayi na Daidaito: Tsarin yana nufin yanayin da ƙirƙirar "babbar ƙungiya" $U$ (duk masu amfani suna haɗin kai) ya zama daidaitaccen daidaito na Nash mai ƙarfi, yana rage jimillar farashi $\sum \text{Haraji}_i$ yayin da yake tabbatar da duk ma'amaloli.

Misali na Ra'ayi: Ka yi tunanin masu amfani biyar, A zuwa E, kowannensu yana son aika ma'amala. A cikin Bitcoin, suna watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo kuma suna fatan mai hakar ma'adinai ya haɗa su. Masu hakar ma'adinai suna kashe raka'o'in makamashi 100 suna gasa; mai nasara ya sami kuɗaɗe. Jimillar makamashi: raka'o'i 100. A cikin PoW na Haɗin Kai, A-E sun kafa ƙungiya. Sun haɗa ƙoƙarin raka'o'i 20 na makamashi (ƙasa saboda babu gasa) don warware wasa don toshe mai ɗauke da duk ma'amaloli biyar. Kowannensu ya biya haraji wanda ya kai raka'o'i 20 (misali, raka'o'i 4 kowane). Makamashi da aka ajiye: raka'o'i 80. An tabbatar da tabbatarwa ga ƙungiyar, ba mai yuwuwar ba.

9. Hasashen Aikace-aikace & Ci Gaba na Gaba

Gajeren lokaci (Shekaru 2-3 masu zuwa): Mafi dacewar aikace-aikace shine a cikin DLTs na kamfani/ƙungiya. Misali, ƙungiyar bankuna masu daidaita biyan kuɗi tsakanin bankuna za su iya amfani da littafin PoW na haɗin kai. An san ainihi, haɗin kai yana iya sarrafawa, kuma manufar ita ce inganci da ƙarshe—ba shiga ba tare da sanin suna ba. Bincike zai mayar da hankali kan ingantattun algorithms na ƙirƙirar ƙungiya da ma'aunin gudummawar da za a iya tabbatarwa.

Matsakaicin lokaci (Shekaru 3-5): Idan an yi nasara a cikin wuraren da aka rufe, ra'ayin zai iya ƙarfafa ƙirar ƙirar hanyar sadarwar jama'a mai haɗaka. Hanyar sadarwar jama'a na iya samun tushen tushe ta amfani da PoW ko PoS na gargajiya, tare da takamaiman "guntun haɗin kai" ko hanyoyin gefe waɗanda ke amfani da wannan samfurin don ma'amaloli masu ƙarfin kaya mai yawa, ƙananan kuɗi na musamman (misali, ƙananan biyan kuɗi, rikodin bayanan IoT).

Bincike na Dogon Lokaci & Na Asali: Gwaji na ƙarshe shine ko za a iya samun sigar cikakkiyar rarrabuwa, mara izini ta kasance mai tsaro. Wannan yana buƙatar ci gaba a cikin samar da hasken bazuwar da ba a tsakiya ba (don rabon ƙungiya mai adalci) da hanyoyin tattalin arzikin sirri don hukunta masu haɗa kai ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba ba tare da lalata sirri ba. Hakanan ya buɗe sabon fanni: Bambancin Tsarin Yarjejeniya, inda nau'ikan ma'amaloli daban-daban ko ƙungiyoyin masu amfani za su iya zaɓar shiga cikin samfuran yarjejeniya daban-daban (gasa, haɗin kai, hatsari) a cikin yanayin guda ɗaya, kamar yadda hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta ke amfani da ƙa'idodi daban-daban (TCP, UDP) don buƙatu daban-daban.

10. Nassoshi

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